[meteorite-list] Ancient Earth Hammered by Double Space Impact

[Ron Baalke]

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26172181

Ancient Earth hammered by double space impact
By Paul Rincon 
BBC News
18 March 2014

We've all seen the films where an asteroid hurtles towards our planet, 
threatening civilisation.

What's less well known is that menacing space rocks sometimes come in 
twos.

Researchers have outlined some of the best evidence yet for a double space 
impact, where an asteroid and its moon apparently struck Earth in tandem.

Using tiny, plankton-like fossils, they established that neighbouring 
craters in Sweden are the same age - 458 million years old.

Details of the work were presented at the 45th Lunar and Planetary Science 
Conference in The Woodlands, Texas, and the findings are to be published 
in the Meteoritics and Planetary Science journal.

However, other scientists cautioned that seemingly contemporary craters 
could have landed weeks, months or even years apart.

A handful of possible double impacts (or doublets) are already known on 
Earth, but Dr Jens Ormo says there are disputes over the precision of 
dates assigned to these craters.

"Double impact craters must be of the same age, otherwise they could just 
be two craters right next to each other," the researcher from the Centre 
for Astrobiology in Madrid, Spain, told BBC News.

Dr Ormo and his colleagues studied two craters called Lockne and Malingen, 
which lie about 16km apart in northern Sweden. Measuring about 7.5km wide, 
Lockne is the bigger of the two structures; Malingen, which lies to the 
south-west, is about 10 times smaller.

Binary asteroids are thought to form when a so-called "rubble pile" asteroid 
begins to spin so fast under the influence of sunlight that loose rock 
is thrown out from the object's equator to form a small moon.

Telescope observations suggest that about 15% of near-Earth asteroids 
are binaries, but the percentage of impact craters on Earth is likely 
to be smaller.

Only a fraction of the binaries that strike the Earth will have the necessary 
separation between the asteroid and its moon to produce separate craters 
(those that are very close together will carve out overlapping structures).

Calculations suggest around 3% of impact craters on Earth should be doublets 
- a figure that agrees with the number of candidates already identified 
by researchers.

The unusual geological characteristics of both Lockne and Malingen have 
been recognised since the first half of the 20th Century. But it took 
until the mid-1990s for Lockne to be formalised as a terrestrial impact 
crater.

In the last few years, Dr Ormo has drilled about 145m down into the Malingen 
structure, through the sediment that fills it, down to crushed rocks known 
as breccias and deeper, reaching the intact basement rock.

Lab analysis of the breccias revealed the presence of shocked quartz, 
a form of the quartz mineral that is created under intense pressures and 
is associated with asteroid strikes.

This area was covered by a shallow sea at the time of the Lockne impact, 
so marine sediments would have begun to fill in any impact craters immediately 
after they were created.

One-two punch

Dr Ormo's team set out to date the Malingen structure using tiny fossilised 
sea creatures called chitinozoans, which are found in sedimentary rocks 
at the site.

Their method, known as biostratigraphy, allows geologists to assign relative 
ages to rocks based on the types of fossil creatures found within them.

The results revealed the Malingen structure to be the same age as Lockne 
- about 458 million years old. This seems to confirm that the area was 
rocked by a double asteroid strike during the Ordovician Period.

Dr Gareth Collins, who studies impact cratering at Imperial College London, 
and was not involved with the research, told BBC News: "Short of witnessing 
the impacts, it is impossible to prove that two closely separated craters 
were formed simultaneously.

"But the evidence in this case is very compelling. Their proximity in 
space and consistent age estimates makes a binary-impact cause likely."

Simulations suggest the asteroid that created Lockne was some 600m in 
diameter, while the one that carved out Malingen was about 250m. These 
measurements are somewhat larger than might be suggested by their craters 
because of the mechanics of impacts into marine environments.

Dr Ormo added that Malingen and Lockne were just the right distance apart 
to have been created by a binary. As mentioned, if two space rocks are 
too close, their craters will overlap. But to qualify as a doublet, the 
craters can't be too far apart, because they will exceed the maximum distance 
at which an asteroid and its moon can stay bound by gravitational forces.

"The Lockne impactor was big enough to generate what's known as an atmospheric 
blow-out, where you blow away the atmosphere above the impact site," said 
Dr Ormo.

This can cause material from the asteroid strike to spread around the 
globe, as happened during the huge Chicxulub impact thought to have killed 
off the dinosaurs 66 million years ago.

The Ordovician event wasn't powerful enough for that material to be traced, 
as it would have been very dilute in the atmosphere. But the impact would 
have had regional effects; for example, any sea creatures unlucky enough 
to be swimming nearby would have been instantly vaporised.

Other candidate double impact craters include Clearwater East and West 
in Quebec, Canada; Kamensk and Gusev in southern Russia; and Ries and 
Stenheim in southern Germany.