[meteorite-list] How to Watch July 4 Comet Impact

[Ron Baalke]

http://www.space.com/spacewatch/050603_deep_impact.html

How to Watch July 4 Comet Impact
By Joe Rao 
SPACE.com 
03 June 2005

In early July, NASA's Deep Impact spacecraft will deploy a tiny impactor
to smash into the nucleus of a small comet. The idea is to excavate a
sizable crater and provide valuable insight into the true nature of comets.

For skywatchers here on Earth, it should also produce a large cloud of
ejected material that should cause the comet to significantly brighten
enough to become visible with binoculars and perhaps even with the
unaided eye.

The comet that has been chosen for the task was discovered by a
Frenchman in the mid-19th century. Known as Comet Tempel 1, it already
has a rather checkered history. Soon, however, it will go down in history 
books.

Finding the target

During June, Comet Tempel 1 will be gliding on a south-southeast course
through the constellation of Virgo, the Virgin. The comet will have
already made its closest approach to the Earth in early May at a
distance of 66 million miles (106 million kilometers).

Although it is now moving away from the Earth, the comet is still
approaching the Sun, so its overall brightness in the coming days and
weeks will appear to change very little, if at all. The comet is
expected to hover at around tenth-magnitude, meaning that it will glow
about 40 times dimmer than a star that is at the threshold of visibility
with the unaided eye.

So, to successfully locate it, you will need three things:

    * A star chart <http://www.starrynight.com/space> with the comet's
      projected path plotted on it.
    * A good telescope
      <http://www.telescope.com/jump.jsp?itemID=0&itemType=HOME_PAGE>
      and of course,
    * A dark, unpolluted night sky.

During the next several weeks, Virgo and the comet will be over in the
west-southwest part of the sky as darkness falls and setting soon after
midnight, local daylight time.

The night of impact

The Deep Impact spacecraft is
expected to arrive near Comet Tempel 1 on July 4, one day before the
comet reaches perihelion (its closest point to the Sun). It will have
released its copper impactor about 24 hours before, while making a
"deflection maneuver" to move off to a safe distance of about 300 miles
(500 kilometers) from the comet.

The table-sized, 820-pound (372-kilogram) impactor is scheduled to smash
into the comet's nucleus at 23,000 mph (37,000 kilometers) per hour,
creating a crater perhaps 670 feet (200 meters) wide and 50 meters deep,
at around 6 hours Universal Time on July 4. That time corresponds to the
late evening hours of July 3 for the west coasts of the United States
and Mexico.

Along the west coast of Canada, the Sun will either be setting, or it
will be twilight. Dusk will also be falling for Hawaii and New Zealand.
As the Earth rotates over the next 24 hours, the rest of the world will
be turned toward a view (weather permitting) of the comet.

At the moment of impact, Comet Tempel 1 will be situated about 3½
degrees to the east-northeast of the bluish first-magnitude star, Spica.
For comparison, your fist on an outstretched arm covers about 10 degrees
of sky.

So what will we see? That's the $64,000 question. Nobody can really say
for sure.

Guestimates

The best consensus from comet experts suggest that after the impactor
hits and the resultant dust cloud gradually expands, Comet Tempel 1
could perhaps brighten up to 6th magnitude. The faintest star that most
eyes will see under dark sky conditions is 6th magnitude, so there is a
chance that Comet Tempel 1 might just become bright enough to glimpse
without any optical aid, but most likely that would be the case only for
experienced observers in perfect conditions away from all light pollution.

Another uncertainty is just how long any enhanced brightness will last.
Comets that break apart into several fragments tend to remain
anomalously bright for many weeks, months, even years. On the other
hand, local outbursts that occur on a nucleus that remains pretty much
intact might only last for only several days.

A classic example of this took place in May 1973 when Comet
Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresak unexpectedly increased in brightness nearly
10,000-fold over just a week's time. It then rapidly faded away, only to
suddenly brighten-up again for a couple of days in July 1973.

At best, Comet Tempel 1 might become 15 to 40 times brighter in the
hours immediately after the impact; in less than 24-hours it might go
from being a dim tenth magnitude telescopic object to an easy binocular
object. And perhaps it might even become just bright enough to be
glimpsed with the unaided eye at a dark sky site. Just locate Spica and
then, scan the region of sky to its left (east) with binoculars. If you
see something that looks like a small fuzzy star or diffuse spot of
light, you're probably looking at Comet Tempel 1!

Elizabeth Warner, director of the University of Maryland Observatory is
serving as the liaison to amateur astronomers for the Deep Impact
mission. "The coolest thing for me," she notes, "will be to observe the
comet over several weeks and then hopefully (weather-permitting) see it
on July 4 a bit brighter than on the previous nights and know that we
made it brighter."

An Amateur Observers' Program (AOP) has been established for amateur
observers as guide to observing the comet en route to, during and after
the July 4 impact. Helpful information is posted at the AOP Web site at
www.deepimpact.umd.edu/amateur. The site is set up so that even
astronomy neophytes can get out and observe Comet Tempel 1.

(Almost) prophetic words

Nearly four decades ago, in 1967, astronomer Robert S. Richardson
(1902-1981) put forward an idea about a possible comet mission which
somewhat sounds today like Deep Impact. The chief purpose of
Richardson's hypothetical mission was to "stimulate" a comet - causing
the expelled cometary material to " . . . become a powerful source of
artificially created photon emissions" (making it appear brighter).

But instead of using a projectile, Richardson suggested sending a probe
carrying a nuclear weapon that could be detonated on command at the
proper time. He also mused on public reaction to a possible bomb-comet
experiment:

"Some people think we ought to give it a try. Others are shocked at the
idea of blowing up an innocent little comet that never did any harm to
anyone. Converting a periodic comet (like Encke) into a mass of bomb
plasma seems to them as bad as shooting a faithful old horse and selling
it to a glue factory."

On that scale, comparatively speaking, the worst that will happen to
Comet Tempel 1 on the Fourth of July is that we'll give it a black eye.